Vaccine holds promise against ovarian cancer

A novel approach to cancer immunotherapy — strategies designed to induce the immune system to attack cancer cells — may provide a new and cost-effective weapon against some of the most deadly tumors, including ovarian cancer and mesothelioma.

Investigators from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center report in the Journal of Hematology & Oncology that a protein engineered to combine a molecule targeting a tumor-cell-surface antigen with another protein that stimulates several immune functions prolonged survival in animal models of both tumors.

“Some approaches to creating cancer vaccines begin by extracting a patient’s own immune cells, priming them with tumor antigens, and returning them to the patient, a process that is complex and expensive,” said Harvard Medical School Associate Professor Mark Poznansky, senior author of the report and director of the MGH Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center. “Our study describes a very practical, potentially broadly applicable, and low-cost approach that could be used by oncologists everywhere, not just in facilities able to harvest and handle patients’ cells.”

The MGH team’s vaccine stimulates the patient’s own dendritic cells, a type of immune cell that monitors an organism’s internal environment for the presence of viruses or bacteria. It ingests and digests pathogens encountered and displays antigens from those pathogens on their surface to direct the activity of other immune cells.

As noted above, existing cancer vaccines that use dendritic cells require extracting cells from a patient’s blood, treating them with an engineered protein or nucleic acid that combines tumor antigens with immune-stimulating molecules, and returning the activated dendritic cells to the patient.

The approach developed by the MGH team starts with the engineered protein, which in this case fuses an antibody fragment targeting a protein called mesothelin to a protein from the tuberculosis bacteria. (Mesothelin is expressed on the surface of such tumors as mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer.)  This fusion stimulates the activity of dendritic and other immune cells. In this system, the dendritic cells are activated and targeted against tumor cells while remaining inside the patient’s body.

In the experiments described in the paper, the MGH team confirmed that their mesothelin-targeting fusion protein binds to mesothelin on either ovarian cancer or mesothelioma cells. In turn, it activates dendritic cells and enhances their processing and presentation of several different tumor antigens, thus inducing a number of T-cell-based immune responses. In mouse models of both tumors, treatment with the fusion protein significantly slowed tumor growth and extended survival, probably through the activity of cytotoxic CD8 T cells.

“Many patients with advanced cancers don’t have enough functioning immune cells to be harvested to make a vaccine, but our protein can be made in unlimited amounts to work with the immune cells patients have remaining,” explained study co-author Jeffrey Gelfand, senior scientist at the Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center and clinical professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School (HMS). “We have created a potentially much less expensive approach to making a therapeutic cancer vaccine that, while targeting a single tumor antigen, generates an immune response against multiple antigens. Now if we can combine this with newly described ways to remove the immune system’s ‘brakes’ — regulatory functions that normally suppress persistent T-cell activity — the combination could dramatically enhance cancer immunotherapy.”

Poznansky adds that the tumors that might be treated with the mesothelin-targeting vaccine — ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and mesothelioma — all have poor survival rates.

“Immunotherapy is generally nontoxic, so this vaccine has the potential of safely extending survival and reducing the effects of these tumors, possibly even cutting the risk of recurrence,” he said. “We believe that this approach could ultimately be used to target any type of cancer and are currently investigating an improved targeting approach using personalized antigens.”

The MGH team just received a Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs two-year grant to continue their research.